This evening’s post offers an update on what to expect with a major Eastern U.S. storm into Tuesday, as well as some comments on more storms to come.
Major Eastern U.S. storm hitting through Tuesday
Back on Saturday we talked about the flooding risk specific to New Jersey due to snowmelt, saturated ground, and 2-3 inches of additional rain tomorrow. That risk has been refined today to include eastern Pennsylvania, DC, Maryland, northern Virginia, and portions of southern New York and Connecticut.
A moderate risk (level 3/4) for excessive rainfall and flooding is posted for Tuesday in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. (NOAA)
Total rainfall will be on the order of 1 to 3 inches in this region, which is plenty of water to produce flash and river flooding. Flood Watches are up from southern New England into Virginia, and tomorrow should be a very active day.
Rainfall tomorrow will be on the order of 1 to 3 inches over a broad area from the Southeast into New England, with the greatest flooding risk from Virginia into southern New England. (Pivotal Weather)
There are a ton of other elements to this storm. Let’s walk through them.
Severe weather: Tonight looks to be a very active severe weather night in the Deep South and along the Gulf Coast east of Texas. An enhanced risk is in effect for this region (level 3/5), and tornadoes are a distinct possibility. That severe risk will continue into the southeast tomorrow with an enhanced risk from north Florida into southern Georgia, and eastern South & North Carolina.
An overview of the severe weather expected tonight into Tuesday across the South. (NOAA SPC)
Again, strong winds and tornadoes are possible in these areas.
Wind gusts: Widespread wind gusts in excess of 40-50 mph are possible, if not likely across the Plains, Midwest, Southeast, and East tonight into tomorrow. Coastal New England, Long Island, and the Mid-Atlantic could see 60+ mph winds. This will be an exceptionally potent and widespread wind storm across the eastern half of the country, and there will likely be numerous power outages.
The NWS forecast for wind gusts shows 50 mph or stronger for parts of the Gulf Coast and South, as well as up the East Coast into coastal New England and in Upstate New York. This type of wind will cause numerous scattered power outages in parts of the Eastern U.S., so prepare for some disruption on Tuesday. (Weather Bell)
Snow: A major snowstorm will occur on the northwest flank on this storm, with anywhere from 6 to 12 inches or even more across northern Missouri, Iowa, northern Illinois, and southern Wisconsin.
Heavy snow will fall in the Midwest, with Iowa, extreme northern Missouri, and parts of Wisconsin seeing the heaviest snow. Slightly less snow will fall south and east of there for Chicago and Detroit. (Pivotal Weather)
The combination of snow and wind will produce blizzard conditions from northeast New Mexico into Kansas, with near-blizzard conditions at times northeast of there.
The NWS Winter Storm Severity Index shows major impacts from northern Missouri into Wisconsin, as well as moderate impacts for some areas from New Mexico into Maine.
But wait, there’s more!
At least two more major storms are queued up in the pipeline. The next one will take a track similar to slightly farther east than the current storm. Expect more wind, more snow, more flooding rain, and more severe weather risk on Friday into Saturday.
The European model forecasting a parade of winter storms across the Midwest and Eastern U.S. over the next 10 days.
The subsequent storm will arrive Monday or Tuesday next week, and this one may take a farther east track, meaning we’ll watch for snow chances to creep eastward. But it could also produce more flooding and more wind in the East. Additional total liquid of 2 to 4 inchers more is almost certainly going to exacerbate flooding concerns in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast. More to come on these.
Today’s post offers a quick summary of this weekend’s Northeast storm and focuses on a significant flooding risk with Tuesday’s storm focused on New Jersey.
Weekend winter storm: A wind-whipped pop of snow in the interior Northeast
Rain, snow, and wind will move into the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic today with the much discussed weekend winter storm.
Snow totals are expected to be highest in New England and eastern New York. Click to enlarge. (Pivotal Weather)
In terms of snow, look for anywhere from 6 to 12 inches in Central Pennsylvania (mainly north and west of Harrisburg) into the Poconos and northwest New Jersey. About 8 to 12 inches is expected for Central New York into the Capital Region and Hudson Valley. Higher amounts are possible in the Hudson Valley and likely in the Catskills, where as much as 18 inches may fall in spots. Most of northern Connecticut into Massachusetts, southern Vermont, and southern New Hampshire should see 6 to 12 inches. Higher amounts up to 18 inches are possible in southeast New Hampshire, extreme southern Maine, and portions of interior eastern Massachusetts.
For the major I-95 cities, Boston should see 6 to 8 inches, Providence 4 to 6 inches, New York City 1 to 2 inches or less, and Philly through DC less than an inch.
In addition to snow, ice is going to be an issue for portions of western Virginia and portions of West Virginia.
Some mostly minor icing will impact travel today in portions of West Virginia and Virginia, with some dicey travel on I-81 possible. (NWS Blacksburg)
Though we don’t foresee major icing, any ice can impact travel, so the I-81 corridor probably should be avoided today.
Gusty winds will also impact the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic today, with 40 mph or stronger gusts possible on the coast.
Coastal areas may see wind gusts in excess of 40 mph, while inland areas will see 25 to 35 mph gusts in spots leading to some blowing snow. (Pivotal Weather)
Last but not least, a slight risk of severe storms is in place in southwest Florida from Sarasota through Naples this morning.
Next Tuesday’s storm: Focus on New Jersey flooding risks
The second storm continues to come into focus some more. We’ve got numerous issues to face with this one, particularly gusty wind over a wide swath of the Eastern U.S., heavy snow from the Central Plains into the Midwest and Great Lakes, and the potential for flooding rains in parts of the East, with northern New Jersey being of particular concern.
We will talk more about the snow and wind later today or tomorrow, but I want to focus on the flooding risk in New Jersey right now, partially because it’s of concern, but also because I’m from New Jersey. The Weather Prediction Center already has the northwest part of the state in a Moderate risk for excessive rainfall and flooding, which is their highest category 4 days out.
A moderate risk (level 3 of 3 this far out) is already in place for Northern New Jersey for Tuesday. The combination of melting snow and additional heavy rain will likely lead to widespread flooding. (NOAA WPC)
We talk about snow totals during winter storms a lot, but we don’t always talk about how much moisture is actually contained within the snowpack, or what we typically call the snow water equivalent. If you melted the snow, how much water would you get? Between the rain and snowfall this weekend, much of New Jersey will see an inch or a bit more of liquid equivalent. This comes on the heels of the last 30 days which has seen anywhere from 150 to 300 percent of normal precipitation in New Jersey. It’s been wet, now we’re adding more water, as well as some snow which is likely going to melt as next week’s storm hits. Basically, you have the recipe for significant river flooding in much of the northern half of the state.
Significant river flooding is likely in much of central and northern New Jersey, as well as in portions of southeast Pennsylvania. (NOAA MARFC)
How much rain are we expecting? Between now and through Tuesday’s storm, portions of New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania and southern New York could see in excess of 4 inches of total water.
Anywhere from 3 to 4 inches of snow and rain with higher amounts locally will fall in total with this weekend’s storm and Tuesday’s storm, leading to a significant flooding risk in New Jersey and perhaps portions of Pennsylvania or southern New York. (Pivotal Weather)
One of the problems that highlights why New Jersey is especially vulnerable is that you will be seeing 1 inch of liquid basically already sitting on the ground with another 2 to 3 inches falling from the sky between the snowmelt and rain. This is going to send a lot of water quickly into the system, and again, that’s a recipe for flooding.
So, while the talk with this upcoming Tuesday storm is likely going to focus a lot on snow and wind and broadly heavy rain and cold to follow, folks in northern New Jersey in particular need to follow this forecast closely due to the very acute flooding risk.
Another storm is possible next weekend which could further exacerbate problems. But we’ll take this one at a time.
Today’s post goes in deep on this weekend’s winter storm in the East, previews next week’s potentially major storm in the Eastern half of the U.S., and discusses what stratospheric warming and the polar vortex actually means.
This weekend’s storm: Snow chances highest north and west of I-95
Back on Tuesday, we laid out the groundwork for this weekend’s storm. There’s been a lot of hype surrounding this, and we tried to cut through some of it to show that the highest odds of significant snow would be north and west of the I-95 corridor, with the exception of New England. So what has changed since?
Not a whole lot. I love these IQR plots from Tomer Burg’s site. In simple terms they’re showing you the uncertainty within the modeling. When it comes to storms like this, you have to use ensemble guidance. Recall, the ensembles are 30 to 50 runs of a model with some tweaks each time, so you get a more realistic spread of possibilities. Often, when you’re watching the TV news or you see a loud post on social media, they’re showing you deterministic guidance, or what we often call the operational models. That’s the whole GFS vs. Euro thing you hear about sometimes.
But back to Tomer’s plot. On Tuesday, I noted “the European ensemble shows a number of storm tracks on either side of the Benchmark with several rather close to the coast. This means uncertainty is high.” Then, as a meteorologist, I looked to see what our cold air supply looked like, and it’s meager. All this to say that it made sense to think that snow would stay mostly north and west of the I-95 corridor, with the exception of New England, where the storm track may favor more snow. That’s a lengthy introduction to say, here we are today:
Most ensemble members are at or northwest of the 40/70 Benchmark, and with a lack of much cold air supply, this probably means the heaviest snow will focus inland of the major I-95 cities. (Tomer Burg)
Since Tuesday, uncertainty has dropped, and we’re seeing a coalescing of ensemble members at or north and west of the 40/70 Benchmark. With this type of track and a distinct lack of much cold air, the focus of snow will likely be inland for this event, with rain or a mix at the coast. With track forecast confidence comes snow forecast confidence to a point. If we look at today’s odds of 3″ or more of snow from the European ensemble, here’s what we get:
Odds of plowable snow are high in New England, Upstate New York, far North Jersey, and much of interior Pennsylvania. (Weather Bell)
Back on Tuesday, Washington, DC had about a 40 percent chance of 3″ or more snow. Today, that is less than 10 percent. For Philly, we were around 40 to 50 percent on Tuesday, and we’re down to about 20 to 30 percent today. New York City was 50 to 60 percent on Tuesday and may be about 75 percent today. Boston and most of Southern New England were 60 to 80 percent on Tuesday and near 100 percent today. So, over the last couple days, as the models have sort of nudged things north some, the snow cutoff has nudged with it, with lower odds in Philly and DC and higher odds in New England (as you might expect with the storm closer).
Let’s ratchet things up to 6 inches. What do those odds look like?
Odds of 6 inches or more of snow this weekend are near zero from Trenton south to DC, but they increase substantially north of there. (Weather Bell)
The 6 inch probabilities are interesting, and you can begin to see where the highest uncertainty may be. From Philly south through DC, the odds of 6″ of snow are extremely low, if not close to zero. This looks like a snow to rain or mix event there. My homeland of Southern New Jersey is in the same boat. Things get much trickier though once you get into areas north and west of Philly up into New York. The “gradient” of snow percentages increases dramatically over a short distance. For example, you have about a 10 to 20 percent chance of 6″ of snow on Staten Island but about a 50 percent chance in the Bronx. Similar style gradients exist in North Jersey and near coastal New England. That’s according to the European model. In reality, with cold air lacking, I think these odds may even be a bit too high on the southern end, and I am going to assume that most of NYC will see some wet snow to a mix or rain. The NWS in New York City highlights the chance of interior snow, with a very low chance that the city sees accumulating snow.
The storm summary from the National Weather Service office in New York City. (NOAA)
For New England, the battle line becomes the coast, with the typical problem areas from a forecasting perspective coming to fruition this time as well. Despite the cheery view of the Euro in Boston, the actual odds are probably a bit less than shown for 6″ or more snow there, and the NWS Boston image below shows this, with about a 50 to 60 percent chance for the city.
The current storm situation for southern New England from NWS Boston, with low confidence in details for coastal New England into Boston proper. Also note the chance of strong winds. (NOAA)
All in all, we’re likely looking at a storm with the greatest odds of meaningful snow from portions of interior Pennsylvania through northwest New Jersey, the Catskills, Litchfield Hills, perhaps to Hartford and Worcester, southern Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. For the northwest suburbs of NYC and for Boston, it will be a closer call.
Don’t overlook the wind and coastal impacts with this storm either. A pretty healthy period of wind is possible from about Long Beach Island, NJ up through Long Island and coastal southern New England. This will likely cause some minor coastal flooding and possible beach erosion as well.
Next week: A major interior U.S. winter storm with big wind possible
It’s still a bit too soon to get into the finer details, but we are likely to see a much more significant storm next week across the interior U.S. Modeling has been consistently indicating the odds of a deep, strong area of low pressure tracking from Texas into the Ohio Valley and Ontario and Quebec. This storm is going to have it all: Heavy rain, severe weather, heavy snow, and powerful winds. Here’s a quick overview of what we’ll be watching.
Heavy rain: A swath of heavy rainfall is likely on the warmer, Eastern side of this storm from the Gulf Coast up through the interior Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and possibly the Northeast. The Weather Prediction Center already has a slight risk on day 5 (Monday) for the central Gulf Coast, which is level 2 of 3 at this timeframe.
A slight risk of excessive rainfall is possible next Monday for the Gulf Coast, with heavy rain also possible north of there. (NOAA WPC)
Severe weather: The Storm Prediction Center is highlighting the chance for severe weather on Monday from Texas to the Florida Panhandle and on Tuesday in Florida and Georgia.
Severe weather is possible in the Deep South and Gulf Coast into Florida from next week’s storm on Monday and Tuesday. (NOAA SPC)
It’s too early to speculate on details, but just know that severe weather is a possibility early next week.
Heavy snow: There is an increasing chance of heavy snow for somewhere between Kansas and Missouri into Iowa, Illinois, perhaps Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, and Quebec. Current European ensemble model odds of 6″ or more snow are relatively high in Kansas, Illinois, northwest Indiana, and Michigan into Canada.
There are increasing odds of accumulating snow in parts of the Plains and Midwest into Canada early next week. (Weather Bell)
It’s far too early to speculate on details, but it’s apparent that someone will get a good bit of snow from this storm. One of the challenges again in this storm is a lack of cold air. There will be significant cold dumping into the Western US, but the Plains and Midwest have decidedly blah cold air available at this time. A lot of time to sort this out still.
Strong winds: In my opinion, the heavy rain in the East and the strong potential winds from this storm are the most serious looking elements next week. Modeling is at least implying the risk of a wide area of 30 to 40 mph or higher winds from the southern Plains into the Southeast, Ohio Valley, East Coast, and Great Lakes. Expect this storyline to become more noteworthy in coming days as the details of this storm get sorted out.
Is the polar vortex coming?
I want to close by addressing something that’s got a lot of people spooked or excited or more aware than usual of winter weather. There has been a lot of speculation on social media about the polar vortex coming later this month. The reasoning is attributed to a sudden stratospheric warming event (SSW) that displaces the polar vortex from the Pole and dumps cold air into the mid-latitudes where most people live. It sounds pretty terrible, unless of course you love cold. So what’s the deal, really?
Every winter, the polar vortex strengthens over the North Pole. It basically houses the coldest air in the Northern Hemisphere. It’s never perfectly still, but it’s usually confined to the North Pole. Every so often, the polar vortex can be disrupted, allowing cold to leak out of the polar region and toward the mid-latitudes, where most people live.
An example of a stable polar vortex that is typically seen in winter (left) and a disrupted polar vortex (right), which happens from time to time during winter. (NOAA/UCAR)
The image above lays out, broadly how this happens. For example, this winter has been a mild one for most of the U.S. so far, and it’s not a shock that the polar vortex has been fairly strong.
One of the pathways to displace or split the polar vortex is by what we call a sudden stratospheric warming. What is that, and why does it matter? When we talk about the “polar vortex,” most meteorologists are actually referring to the stratospheric polar vortex. We’re looking about 10 miles and higher up in the atmosphere. That’s the actual polar vortex. When you think of the polar vortex, you’re likely thinking of blobs of intense cold that periodically drop into the U.S. during winter. So, they’re two fundamentally different things. Related, but different.
During some winters, there will be a disruption of the stability in the stratosphere that happens via a sudden warming event, where the strong westerly winds locking the polar vortex over the Pole can weaken or even reverse. When that happens it can release some of that cold from the polar region into the mid-latitudes, impacting the U.S. or Europe or Asia.
Stratospheric warming is ongoing, which may be enough to qualify as a lower-end sudden stratospheric warming event. (NOAA)
But that’s not a guarantee. No two SSWs are identical, and not every SSW will lead to a “release the hounds” cold air outbreak over the U.S. (or Europe or Asia). There’s a lot that we don’t completely understand about these events and what causes one to produce big cold or another to do little to nothing. But the bottom line here is that this year we are seeing a minor SSW event ongoing. This will do some work on the polar vortex, and it should allow for a relatively wavier jet stream heading into later January. That does not mean a repeat of the February 2021 or December 2022 cold events in Texas, but it could mean some pushes of stronger cold than we’ve seen so far this winter.
One hurdle right now is that snowfall across North America is running a good bit below normal.
Snowfall across North America is struggling mightily this year. (Rutgers University)
Snow cover is below average in the West, Canada, the Midwest, and Plains. Cold air modifies and moderates as it comes south, and when it travels over less snowy ground, it can moderate faster. This can change in the coming weeks, but will it happen in the Plains? That’s TBD.
The takeaway from all this is that a SSW event does *not* guarantee strong cold air. There are complicating factors involved that can prevent strong cold from materializing. However, an SSW event does tend to weaken the polar vortex and increase the odds that colder air could emerge from the polar regions at times in a few weeks. That does not necessarily mean a repeat of February 2021 (Uri). These types of situations occur several times a decade and most do not produce historic cold air like we saw in that event. But they can produce some of the coldest air of a given winter. So our advice: Sell the hype. But don’t be surprised if the forecast later this month turns a bit colder than we’ve seen so far this winter.
A significant storm is likely this weekend along the East Coast, but there are a number of complexities to it that will determine who sees snow, a mix, or mostly rain.
What’s happening?
As we jump start 2024, the weather pattern will begin to kick into high gear, bringing storminess, not atypical for an El Nino winter. What I want to do in this post is table set what’s happening, and what it may or may not mean. Social media has been ripe with speculation over everything between snowstorms in the Northeast Corridor to sudden stratospheric warming events that can potentially lead to a weather pattern conducive to cold and snow. What should we actually be watching? Let’s jump in.
Through Friday
Nationally, things look mostly quiet through the end of the week, with some rain and mountain snow in the West, and at least some widespread rain over the Southeast or Gulf Coast from a quick moving system.
Weekend storm
A storm on Thursday will get going over the Rockies and emerge into Texas on Friday, delivering some widespread rain and at least a slight chance of strong to severe storms on the Gulf Coast. By Saturday evening, there is good agreement that low pressure will be centered near the East Coast between Delmarva and the Outer Banks of North Carolina.
Low pressure plots and interquartile range differences from the 51 member European ensemble show that low pressure is likely on Saturday evening off the Mid-Atlantic coast, but there is still about a 250 mile spread in possibilities, creating low confidence on specifics. (Tomer Burg)
There is still a considerable spread in details and specifics based on that. But we can look at this and make some assumptions. Let’s roll it forward to Sunday morning. When we talk about Northeast storms, you’ll occasionally hear reference to “the Benchmark.” The Benchmark refers to the 40 degree latitude/70 degree longitude point south of New England. In general, when storms track near this point, it’s a favorable setup for snow in the Northeast Megalopolis (Boston-DC). There are a lot of other factors that play into this, but if you want an old school, quick and dirty idea of snow chances, that’s about as good as you can do. So on Sunday morning, this storm tracks, broadly, toward the Benchmark.
The European ensemble mean (black lines) shows low pressure centered south of the Benchmark on Sunday morning. But a closer inspection shows a number of ensemble members with low pressure hugging the coast or even farther away. This indicates high uncertainty in forecast details. (Tomer Burg)
So the European ensemble shows a number of storm tracks on either side of the Benchmark with several rather close to the coast. This means uncertainty is high. Let’s ask the next question. Is cold air available? The answer is…not entirely.
Temperature anomalies around 5,000 feet up in the atmosphere show a distinct lack of colder than normal air that you’d probably prefer to see with a storm like this to get snow in the major cities. (Pivotal Weather)
The air may be cold enough for snow, but there’s a lack of any real Arctic air, a lack of colder than normal air, and a storm track that’s tenuously close to the Benchmark. This does not give me warm and fuzzies for I-95 or coastal snow. You can see this reflected in European model probabilities of 3 inches or more snow (what I would deem “plowable” snow).
Snow chances of 3″ or more are highest in New England and notably lower from New York through DC. This has the feel of a snow to mix or rain type storm for much of the I-95 corridor. (Weather Bell)
Odds of 3″ or more snow are currently sitting around 60 to 80 percent in much of New England, around 50 to 60 percent in New York City, and around 40 to 50 percent in Philly. You can see some lollipops of higher odds in the mountains of West Virginia through Pennsylvania, New Jersey, just south of the Catskills, and the Litchfield Hills in Connecticut.
What this says to me, as someone who grew up with this stuff: Probably a thump of snow, mixing with and changing to rain, then perhaps ending as snow for DC, Philly, and New York. For New England, it’s a lot more complex. The current “mean” storm track is definitely favorable for snow there, but a track on the other side of the Benchmark would probably put severe pressure on meager cold air and increase mixing chances.
The bottom line: I worry about the finer details here, but in general it looks like a winter storm is coming for someone. But if I lived from NYC to DC, I’d keep my expectations in check. This has the feel of a “north and west” event. I’d feel better about snow in New England.
What’s next?
Beyond this storm, there appears that another, potentially bigger storm will arrive around Tuesday or Wednesday of next week. This one looks likely to be an inland cutter, meaning it will track across the Great Lakes or up the Appalachian spine. But this has potential to be a significant snowstorm or mixed precip event in the Midwest next week.
A significant storm is going to bring heavy rain and heavy snow to the Eastern US next week. (NOAA)
Folks in the Midwest and East should watch this one closely for both heavy snow and heavy rain. A continued active pattern seems likely in the coming weeks. Stay tuned!
